Tinjauan Pustaka: Sindrom Metabolik
Main Article Content
Metabolic Syndrome reflects a series of metabolic disorders, involving hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies greatly in proportion to the diversity of criteria in determining the diagnosis of this syndrome. The criteria for metabolic syndrome are created by several health organizations, such as WHO, IDF and NCEP:ATP III. Many studies agree that the percentage of metabolic syndrome reaches a quarter of the world's population. Several factors such as poor lifestyle, unbalanced diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep disorders, stress, and genetics are risk factors for the development of pathogenesis of this syndrome. Among the many pathogenesis pathogenesis, insulin resistance, neurohormonal activation and chronic inflammation are three pathogenesis pathways that are often associated with metabolic syndrome. Target therapy in this case involves non-pharmacological fields in the form of lifestyle modification and consumption of foods that contain health effects (nutraceutical), as well as pharmacological in the form of specific drugs for conditions of hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, antiplatelet and hypertension.
Keywords:
Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, Obesity, Lifestyle
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Rochlani, Yogita, Pothineni, Naga Venkata, Kovelamudi, Swathi, & Mehta, Jawahar L. (2017). Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, 11(8), 215–225. https://doi.org//10.1177/1753944717711379
Rodrigues, Mayzza Campina, Maciel, Erika da Silva, Quaresma, Fernando Rodrigues Peixoto, Sesti, Luis Fernando Castagnino, Paiva, Laércio da Silva, Macedo Junior, Hugo, Araújo, Francisco Albino de, Fonseca, Fernando Luiz Affonso, & Adami, Fernando. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a vulnerable population in northern Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 31(2), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.11410
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Suastika, Ketut. (2020). The challenges of metabolic disorders in Indonesia: focus on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 29(4), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.com.205108
Wasyluk, Weronika, Wasyluk, Martyna, Zwolak, Agnieszka, & Łuczyk, Robert Jan. (2019). Metabolic syndrome-diagnostics, pathophysiology and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(8), 45–62.
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Alidadi, Mona, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Eslami, Saeid, Vakilian, Farveh, Jarahi, Lida, Alinezhad-Namaghi, Maryam, Arabi, Seyed Mostafa, Vakili, Saba, Tohidinezhad, Fariba, & Nikooiyan, Yasaman. (2021). The effect of curcumin supplementation on pulse wave velocity in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_1
Ananthy, Vimala, Priyadharsini, Raman Palanyswamy, & Subramanian, Umamaheswari. (2021). Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. J Basic Clin Appl Health Sci, 4(2), 39–45.
Aziz, Zubia, Shareef, Huma, Afridi, Eesha, Kashif, Musab, Hussain, Makashfa, Waseem, Maria, Shahid, Talha, Khan, Muhammad Arsalan, Muntaha, Sidra Tul, & Silro, Hallar Hameed. (2023). Combating Metabolic Syndrome through Non-Pharmacological Strategies: A Literature Review: Combating Metabolic Syndrome. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v4i11.1145
Cheng, Shu Chen, Huang, Wen Chung, S. Pang, Jong Hwei, Wu, Yi Hong, & Cheng, Ching Yi. (2019). Quercetin inhibits the production of IL-1β-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in ARPE-19 cells via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(12), 2957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122957
Cleven, Laura, Dziuba, Anna, Krell-Roesch, Janina, Schmidt, Steffen C. E., Bös, Klaus, Jekauc, Darko, & Woll, Alexander. (2023). Longitudinal associations between physical activity and five risk factors of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in Germany. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 15(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01062-5
Codazzi, Valentina, Frontino, Giulio, Galimberti, Luca, Giustina, Andrea, & Petrelli, Alessandra. (2023). Mechanisms and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Endocrine, 1–13. https://doi.org//10.1007/s12020-023-03642-x
Ezquerra, Eduardo Alegría, Vázquez, José M. Castellano, & Barrero, Ana Alegría. (2008). Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes: cardiovascular implications and therapy. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 61(7), 752–764. https://doi.org//10.1016/s1885-5857(08)60212-1
Fahed, Gracia, Aoun, Laurence, Bou Zerdan, Morgan, Allam, Sabine, Bou Zerdan, Maroun, Bouferraa, Youssef, & Assi, Hazem I. (2022). Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2), 786.
Harwijayanti, Bekti Putri, & Fatmayanti, Aulia. (2022). The SITARI (independent non-communicable disease screening) information system in the accuracy and speed of screening for non-communicable diseases in women of childbearing age. Jurnal Kesehatan Ibu Dan Anak, 16(1).
Jha, Birendra Kumar, Sherpa, Mingma Lhamu, Imran, Mohammad, Mohammed, Yousuf, Jha, Laxmi Akhileshwar, Paudel, Keshav Raj, & Jha, Saurav Kumar. (2023). Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology. Diabetology, 4(2), 134–159. https://doi.org//doi.org/10.3390/diabetology4020015
Manaf, Mohd Rizal Abdul, Nawi, Azmawati Mohammed, Tauhid, Noorlaili Mohd, Othman, Hanita, Rahman, Mohd Rizam Abdul, Yusoff, Hanizah Mohd, Safian, Nazaruddin, Ng, Pei Yuen, Manaf, Zahara Abdul, & Kadir, Nor Ba’yah Abdul. (2021). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risk factors among staffs in a Malaysian public university. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87248-1
Mendrick, Donna L., Diehl, Anna Mae, Topor, Lisa S., Dietert, Rodney R., Will, Yvonne, La Merrill, Michele A., Bouret, Sebastien, Varma, Vijayalaskshmi, Hastings, Kenneth L., & Schug, Thaddeus T. (2018). Metabolic syndrome and associated diseases: from the bench to the clinic. Toxicological Sciences, 162(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfx233
Millwood, Iona Y., Walters, Robin G., Mei, Xue W., Guo, Yu, Yang, Ling, Bian, Zheng, Bennett, Derrick A., Chen, Yiping, Dong, Caixia, & Hu, Ruying. (2019). Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. The Lancet, 393(10183), 1831–1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31772-0
Mohamed, Salma Mostafa, Shalaby, Mostafa Abbas, El-Shiekh, Riham A., El-Banna, Hossni A., Emam, Shimaa Ramadan, & Bakr, Alaa F. (2023). Metabolic syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management with natural approaches. Food Chemistry Advances, 3, 100335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100335
Nilsson, Peter M., Tuomilehto, Jaakko, & Rydén, Lars. (2019). The metabolic syndrome–What is it and how should it be managed? European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 26(2_suppl), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319886404
Rochlani, Yogita, Pothineni, Naga Venkata, Kovelamudi, Swathi, & Mehta, Jawahar L. (2017). Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, 11(8), 215–225. https://doi.org//10.1177/1753944717711379
Rodrigues, Mayzza Campina, Maciel, Erika da Silva, Quaresma, Fernando Rodrigues Peixoto, Sesti, Luis Fernando Castagnino, Paiva, Laércio da Silva, Macedo Junior, Hugo, Araújo, Francisco Albino de, Fonseca, Fernando Luiz Affonso, & Adami, Fernando. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a vulnerable population in northern Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 31(2), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.11410
Rus, Marius, Crisan, Simina, Andronie-Cioara, Felicia Liana, Indries, Mirela, Marian, Paula, Pobirci, Oana Lilliana, & Ardelean, Adriana Ioana. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome: A prospective study on cardiovascular health. Medicina, 59(10), 1711.
Suastika, Ketut. (2020). The challenges of metabolic disorders in Indonesia: focus on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 29(4), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.com.205108
Wasyluk, Weronika, Wasyluk, Martyna, Zwolak, Agnieszka, & Łuczyk, Robert Jan. (2019). Metabolic syndrome-diagnostics, pathophysiology and treatment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(8), 45–62.
Yahfoufi, Nour, Alsadi, Nawal, Jambi, Majed, & Matar, Chantal. (2018). The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory role of polyphenols. Nutrients, 10(11), 1618. https://doi.org//10.3390/nu10111618
Zahra, Tazkia Izzatun Az, Hambin, Era Samudra, Novirianingtyas, Tsabitah Virza, Wicaksono, Tri Yoga, Wahyuliana, Lailia, Wardhani, Aulia Seftya, Latifa, Kayla Juwita Qalbu, Amrullah, Rafi, Wati, Putri Fatimahtuz Zahra Puji Anggar, & Mandagi, Ayik Mirayanti. (2022). Effective Health Screening Strategies for Overcoming Non-Communicable Diseases in Sambimulyo Village, Banyuwangi Regency. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement), 8(4), 232–237. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.78068
